Transmission dynamics of foot and mouth disease in selected outbreak areas of northwest Ethiopia

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dc.contributor.author	Tadesse, B
dc.contributor.author	Molla, w
dc.contributor.author	Mengsitu, a
dc.contributor.author	t, w
dc.date.accessioned	2020-12-28T12:15:14Z
dc.date.available	2020-12-28T12:15:14Z
dc.date.issued	2020-12-28
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2992
dc.description	Ethiopia has approximately 59.5 million cattle, 30.7 million sheep and 30.2 million goats [1]. Livestock production in Ethiopia broadly classified into three systems: crop–livestock mixed (CLM), pastoral and market-oriented production systems. The dominant production system is the CLM system, which accounts for about 80–85% of the cattle population [2]. The pastoral production system is the second most dominant farming system, which is commonly practiced in the arid and semiarid peripheral parts of the country, and accounts for about 15–20% of the cattle population [2]. The third type of production system is market-oriented production in urban and peri-urban parts of the country, which is very small and primarily consists of dairy cattle and to some extent feedlots. The contribution of the livestock sector to the national economy is minimal compared to its potential. One of the main reasons for this is the widespread occurrence of many infectious diseases, such as foot and mouth disease (FMD), which drastically reduces the production and productivity of livestock [3]. FMD is a contagious trans-boundary and economically devastating viral disease of clovenhoofed animals including both domestics and wildlife species [4, 5]. Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) that is classified within the genus Aphtovirus and family Picornaviridae causes the disease. FMDV consists of seven different serotypes (A, O, C, Asia1, SAT (South African territories) 1, SAT2 and SAT3) with many subtypes [6]. It is characterised by vesicular eruptions in the oral cavity, foot and udder; these lesions are associated with fever, lameness, salivation and anorexia [7]. The virus can be transmitted either directly, e.g. via contact with an infected host/s [8, 9], or indirectly, e.g. via contact with a contaminated environment with FMDV-infected secretions and excretions [10, 11]. The transmission dynamics of infectious diseases like FMD have important effects on the epidemiology of the disease and measures that can be taken to control them. A parameter often used to describe the magnitude of transmission is the basic reproduction ratio (R0). The R0 is defined as the average number of secondary infections caused by one typical infectious individual in a fully susceptible population during its entire infectious period [12]. Whether an outbreak spreads or dies out depends on whether the R0 is greater than or less than one. If R0 exceeds one, an infected animal infects on average more than one susceptible animal, and thus it may cause a major outbreak, but if R0 is smaller than one, the disease will die before being generalised to a major outbreak [13, 14]. A limitation of R0, however, is that it does not include a time factor, which is important in epidemic modelling to analyse the course of the epidemic. A suitable parameter to use in modelling that does have a time dimension is the transmission rate (β), which is defined by the average number of new infections caused by one infectious individual per unit of time [15].	en_US
dc.description.abstract	Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals, which is endemic in Ethiopia. An outbreak follow-up study was undertaken to quantify the transmission parameters of FMD in the crop–livestock mixed (CLM) system and commercial dairy farms in selected areas of northwest Ethiopia. The transmission parameters were quantified using a generalised linear model (GLM) based on a susceptible–infectious–recovered (SIR) epidemic model. The per day average transmission rate between animals was 0.26 (95% CI 0.22–0.32) and 0.33 (95% CI 0.21–0.57) in the CLM system and in the commercial dairy farms, respectively. The average basic reproduction ratio of FMD was 1.68 (95% CI 1.42–2.07) in the CLM system and 1.98 (95% CI 1.26–3.42) in the commercial dairy farms. The medium per day transmission rate and moderate basic reproduction ratio observed in this study indicated that a vaccination coverage needed to stop transmission of the disease in these populations might not be very high.	en_US
dc.description.sponsorship	uog	en_US
dc.language.iso	en	en_US
dc.publisher	Epidemiology and Infection	en_US
dc.subject	Cattle; foot and mouth disease; northwest Ethiopia; reproduction ratio; transmission rate	en_US
dc.title	Transmission dynamics of foot and mouth disease in selected outbreak areas of northwest Ethiopia	en_US
dc.type	Article	en_US